Urban Planning Overseas

This essay describes some aspects of the evolution of urbanization and urban and regional planning in the Netherlands since 1870 CE, and shows that societal trends have shifted the role of various public interests and the concomitant role of urban and regional planning.

Keywords：

Urbanization, Urban and Regional Planning, The Netherlands

Social Mix and Urban Policies in the Netherlands

Gideon Bolt, Ronald van Kempen

Abstract：

a recurrent theme in the Dutch policy discourse and practice is the strive for creating mixed neighbourhoods. In the first years after the Second World War the basic issue was not mixing groups, but mixing functions; by mixing different kinds of functions, such as housing, work, and recreation, the inhabitants would have much of their activity patterns in the district so that they did not have to leave the area. In the 1960s the idea of the district as a social unit, with all its functions and people mixed in a limited space, was replaced by the idea of functional separation. Housing, work, and transport were separated. In the 1970s and 1980s large-scale urban renewal activities were undertaken in the deprived pre-WWII areas of the large Dutch cities. In this period, the residential mix was not an explicit target. By the end of the 1980s a new housing policy became dominant. Urban restructuring became the key word: a large number of social rented dwellings in the areas that were dominated by this housing segment had to be demolished or upgraded, in order to make room for more expensive, often owneroccupied dwellings. In this way, concentrations of low-income households could be countered. Since 2001 the debate on the social mix changed in tone. Until then the debate and the policies had been conducted and expressed in socioeconomic terms. After 2001, the problems associated with spatial concentrations of minority ethnic groups were featured explicitly.

Keywords：

Social Mix, Urban Policies, The Netherlands

The Implementary Mechanism of Dutch Land Use Planning

Huang Xu, Tejo J. M. Spit

Abstract：

Most of Chinese planners and scholars admire the landscape in the Netherlands, and intend to learn from that. The existing Chinese studies on Dutch land use often pay more attention to the theoretical aspects of Dutch planning system, which usually leads to an understanding of one top-down process. But actually, given the real process of planning implementation, the municipality government which has the right of giving permission to actual constructions act both as a ruler, as well as a player in the game which we call land use planning. Municipalities dominate the planning process, and other interest groups like higher level governments, developers and farmers have to adjust their strategies to respond to municipal government actions. This article addresses the implementary mechanism of Dutch land use planning, exploring all actors‘ roles and their strategies in practice. We choose Leidsche Rijn project in Utrecht serves as the case study, consider that the splendid result of Dutch landscaping does not come from planning agency directly, at least not always. It is reduplicative negotiations and trade-offs among all interest groups that have contributed to the beauty of Dutch land use. All these are driven by market mechanism, and guarded by legal justice. In this process, transparent planning procedures generally guarantee the basic legal property rights, so that every actor‘s strategy can be more or less fairly carried out in reality.

Keywords：

Dutch Land Use Planning, Higher Level Government, Municipality Government, Developers, Individual Farmer, Leidsche Rijn

Green Planning in the Netherlands: The Integration of Spatial Planning and Environmental Planning

Hu Hong, Peter P. J. Driessen, Tejo J. M. Spit

Abstract：

The Netherlands is one of the earliest countries to develop and implement green policies, and to integrate spatial planning with environmental planning. Today, integration acts as a key word in Dutch planning policies. It has been proved as an effective policy tool to control urban sprawl and protect ecological environment. Integration literally means the act or process of combining two or more things so that they work together as a system. Planning integration in the Netherlands considers such planning aspects as the coordination of the contents and goals between spatial planning and environmental planning, and the negotiation among different stakeholders such as governments, market and civil society. The experience of Dutch planning integration shows that, first of all, green planning needs to balance the development of economy, society and natural environment, rather than only stressing on environmental protection and confining the growth of the other two perspectives; otherwise, green planning will lose its social and financial support, and then cannot be successful. Secondly, green planning needs to take both goals and processes into account through making feasible action plans guaranteeing the efficiency of planning implementation. This article analyzes the driving force of Dutch planning integration and the administrative framework of multi-sectoral collaboration; it then summarizes the different phases of integration, from the conceptual phase to the applied phase; the different policy tools in practice for integration are illustrated, followed by the explanation of the longterm planning cycle and the municipality association both of which ensure the right direction of planning integration; finally it discusses what China can learn from the Dutch experience.

Keywords：

Green Planning, Spatial Planning, Environmental Planning, Integration

Green City in Holland: The Development History and Planning Practice of Houten

Luo Zhendong, Xue Wenwen

Abstract：

Houten, as the model of compact and Green City in the Netherlands, has attracted more and more attention for its development mode and experience especially after the change of climate and the development of Low-carbon becoming the focus of the world. In order to fully show Houten’s development experience, this article analyzes from several aspects—Houten’s development history, planning concept, spatial mode, traffic system, and development performance. From the case of Houten, it can be learnt that good planning concept and design is the basis of a city’s green and sustainable development. Cycling/walking priority and good public transit system is its core. And the public policy and education is particularly important.

Keywords：

Green City, Transportation, Planning, History, Houten

The History of the Bicycle Use and the Related Policies and Designs in the Netherlands

Feng Jianxi, M. Dijst, J. Prillwitz

Abstract：

Cycling is acknowledged as a sustainable, green, and healthy means for travelling around the world. However, due to fast motorization, the share of cycling in urban transport in China declines dramatically. As a country with the highest share of bicycle use among various transport modes in developed counties, the Netherlands had an experience that the use of bicycle declined first and increased after the implementations of relevant policies. It therefore has practical reasonsto investigate the history of bicycle use and the related policies and urban designs for encouraging cycling in transport in urban China. Based on summarizing the existing literature, three distinct phrases of bicycle usage are observed: the stage of unintended use, the stage of compressed by motorization and the stage of guided by planning. In the second section, the roles of the central government and local governments in encouraging the use of bicycle as well as the related policies are investigated. It is found that both the central government and local governments contribute substantially to the regain of the bicycle use. The explicit cases which are designed for stimulating cycling according to the related policies are carefully examined in different cities in the Netherlands in the third section. The paper then concludes with some useful insights for the development of the bicycle use in urban China.

Keywords：

Cycling, The Netherlands, Policy, Urban Design

Dutch Housing Association: A Model of Social Housing Built and Management by Non-governmental

Hu Yi, Zhang Jingxiang, Gideon Bolt, Pieter Hooimeijer

Abstract：

The share of Dutch social housing is the highest in the Europe Union and it is managed by housing association. This paper overviews the Dutch housing association development and its changes in built and management field according to changes of the housing policies. Dutch housing association has two dual-features before 1990s: private organization with public responsibility and private institution financed by government. But after the 1990s, Dutch housing association was financed independently. It also describes the role of housing association with government, tenants and between housing associations. The model of Dutch housing association could provide some insights for China‘s social housing construction and management.

Keywords：

Housing Association, Social Housing, Government, NGO, The Netherlands

The Research Progress on Edge City in China and Foreign Countries

Liu Yuting, Cheng Hui

Abstract：

In the U.S., following the suburbanization of America
and the malling of America, a large number of service sector jobs
had spread to the suburbs, and then the fully functional Edge Cities
was formed gradually. The Edge City has become a new trend
of Western suburbanization, and a new form of the multi-center
development of metropolitan areas in the developed countries. This
paper firstly introduces the background, the concept and content,
the type and defined standards of the American Edge City, and then
gives a review of main characteristics and dynamic mechanism of
foreign edge cities, and finally summarizes the research on“ Edge
City” in China. On this basis, combined with the development
stage and institutional background of some metropolitan areas in
China, the research gives an understanding of“ Edge City” in China.
Learning from the experience of foreign Edge Cities, the research
indicates the future research directions and priorities on“ Edge City”
in China.

Keywords：

Edge City, Suburbanization, Development Zone

Comparative Studies on Housing Subsidies for Medium- and Low-income Households of the World

Zhao Yanran, Tong De, Li Guicai

Abstract：

Housing security is an essential part of social security which is concerned by government and academia. Depending on the subsidies targeted, we summarize the key points and the effectiveness of housing subsidies in medium- and low-income households of United States, United Kingdom and other developed countries. It is concluded that“ Brick Subsidy” could tackle the overall lack of housings; however, “Head Subsidy” may be a better policy when the housing shortage eases. The main housing subsidy of China is “Brick Subsidy” which plays better results under the circumstances of current housing shortage. Thus, according to the experience of developed countries and the efficiency of policy, the housing subsidy in China may concentrate on strengthening the “Head Subsidy” while gradually weakening the subsidies to suppliers.

Keywords：

Housing Subsidy, Medium- and Low-income Households,Brick Subsidy, Head Subsidy

Comparative Study of Commercial Operation Mode of Public Bicycle Systems Worldwide: Based on Perspective of Institutional Economics

Wang Wei, Wei Wei

Abstract：

Energy conservation is a great challenge facing the government during the Twelfth “Five-Year Plan “. Setting up the “Public bicycle system“ follows the trends of lowcarbon living, therefore, are developed quickly in the cities such as Hangzhou. In this article, various kinds of public bicycle systems worldwide are divided into three categories according to commercial operation mode. Advantages and disadvantages of these models are comparative analyzed. Finally, some thoughts and conclusions are given.

Keywords：

Public Bicycle System, New Institutional Economics, Commercial Operation Mode,Hangzhou

The Synergy of High-speed Railway Station Areas and Urban Space Development

Yin Ming, Tang Jin, Duan Jin

Abstract：

The different voices of the development of High-speed Railway stations areas in essentially are discussing the relationship between the development of station areas and urban space development. From exploring international experiences, this paper puts forward a proposition of synergy between station areas and urban space development. Based on this concept, the paper discusses the difficulty of synergy in Chinese context included the fringe location, the highgrade level function, the poor space quality and so on. The reasons of poor conditions in synergy not only laid on the complexity characteristics of development of station areas including space and institutions, but also rooted the development stage, model and characteristic. Finally, the paper puts forward three suggestions based on the current situations.

Keywords：

High-speed Railway Station Areas, Urban Space Development, Synergy,

Research on the Transition of Nuernberg‘ s G-system Central Place

Luo Zhigang, Bernd Seegers

Abstract：

Central Place Theory is one of the theories introduced from Western Country in Chinese urban system planning and research. This study selects a model region: Nuremberg G-system from where the theory was born, which has a complete structure. By comparing the data of the year of 1925 and 2005 from spatial form, builtup area, population, population density, the centrality and other aspects, we get some knowledge about changing. Furthermore, we give some analysis about the factors which influenced the changing and found that the eastern region shows a significant strengthen trend, while the southwest region shows a significant weakening trend, the whole region shows a non-balanced development pattern. These can be referenced by planners.

Keywords：

Central Place Theory, Urban System Planning, Nuernberg, Centrality

“Decentralization” Policies of French Territorial Planning During the 30 Glorious Years

Tang Shuangshuang

Abstract：

According to the historical development, the author describes a series of decentralization policies of French regional planning during the “30 Glorious Years” period, which aims to solve the unbalances of territorial development. Then the author analyzes and summarizes the effects after these policies were taken.

Keywords：

France, Territorial Planning, Decentralization Policies

Social-spatial Characteristics and Mechanism of International Community in Nanjing: A Case Study ofMuxuyuan Street

Qian Qian, Zhen Feng, Wang Bo

Abstract：

With the advance of the globalization process and ever-growing transnational migration, the transnational social space is arising. Firstly, the thesis analyzes the evolution history and the spatial distribution characteristics of international communities in Nanjing, and finds that three foreign residential areas have formed there. Secondly, the thesis analyzes the characteristics of social space for international communities around Muxuyuan Street with both qualitative interviews and questionnaires, and finds that international communities promote the economic development of local neighborhoods, and the residents’ living, business and consuming behavior are more closely connected with the local community. Moreover, the thesis tries to summarize the impact feature of social space of international communities from macro level, miso level and micro level, which provides reference to future development of the international communities in Nanjing and other cities.

Conservation Value of Historic City of Kashigar: The Approach of Contingent Valuation Method

Zhang Jie, Tao Jin, Huo Xiaowei

Abstract：

Based on survey data, this article assesses the heritage value of old city of Kashigar through Contingent Valuation Method. The difference is analyzed between residents and travelers for willingness to preserve different kinds of heritage, by examining the factors which influenced the willingness and amount to pay. The regression model is applied to observe the influencedegree. Finally the WTP value and some suggestions are provided.

Keywords：

Old City of Kashigar,Cultural Heritage,Contingent Valuation Method, Willingness to Pay

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