| Urban Form and Low-carbon Cities: Research Progress and Planning Strategies | | Liu Zhilin, Qin Bo |
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| Abstract： |
Many studies have discussed the significance of low-carbon city development and the overall planning approach to building a low-carbon city. This paper provides a critical review of the research progress and planning strategies about the urban form of low-carbon cities in order to help urban planners better understanding the roles of spatial tools in building low-carbon cities. We start with adaptation strategies discussing impacts of climate change on cities and urban planning strategies that facilitate adaptation.Second, we focus on the urban form and planning of low-carbon cities guided by mitigation strategies. Based on the current literature, this paper discussed the relationship between the urban spatial form and the overall carbon emission. We then proposed a conceptual framework and an index system for a low-carbon urban form both at the urban level and the community level, followed by a proposal of mitigation-oriente planning strategies for building a low-carbon city. We conclude the paper with possible implications for Chinese urban planning practice.
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| Keywords： |
Low-carbon Cities; Urban Form; Mitigation; Adaptation; Planning Strategies |
| Urban Form and Carbon Emissions from Urban Transport: Based on the Analysis of Individual Behavior | | Ma Jing, Liu Zhilin, Chai Yanwei |
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| Abstract： |
Climate change is an important issue in the 21st century. How to construct low-carbon cities has become the most important scientific topic among academics. Aiming to understand the current situation of low-carbon cities better, this paper firstly sums up the relative theories and research from the international level in several aspects, including the concept of low-carbon cities, the carbon emissions from urban transport, and the urban form and individual travel behavior. Then, using the daily activity survey data of Beijing in 2007, this paper examines the relationship between urban form and carbon emissions from urban transport based on the analysis of individual travel behavior. Finally, the theoretic foundation and policy suggestions are put forward for the construction of low-carbon cities.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Form; Carbon Emissions from Urban Transport; Individual Behavior; Beijing |
| An Exploration of Land Use Mix Around Residence and Family Commuting Caused Carbon Emission: A Case Study of Wuhan City in China | | Huang Jingnan, Du Ningrui, Liu Pei, Han Sunsheng |
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Present low-carbon city researches are heavily limited to city level, whereas few have explored more refined scales, such as neighborhood, community and residence. This paper, based on the latest land use data of Wuhan city in China, first calculates land use mix around residence, and then investigates its relationship with family commuting caused carbon emission taking some socio-economic parameters into account. Finally, suggestions are raised to lowcarbon community planning.
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| Keywords： |
Land Use Mix; Carbon Emission; Low-carbon Community; Wuhan |
| The Impact of Urban Form on the U.S. Residential Energy Use | | Written by Reid Ewing, Rong Fang Translated by Qin Bo, Qi Bin |
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| Abstract： |
While the impact of urban form on transportation energy use has been studied extensively, its impact on residential energy use has not. This article presents a conceptual framework linking urban form to residential energy use via three causal pathways: electric transmission and distribution losses, energy requirements of different housing stocks, and space heating and cooling requirements associated with urban heat island. Two of the three can be analyzed with available national data.
After we control for other influences, residents of sprawling counties are more likely to live in single-family detached houses than otherwise comparable residents of compact counties and also more likely to live in big houses. Both lead to higher residential energy use. Because of the urban heat island effect, residents of sprawling counties across the nation on average pay a small residential energy penalty relative to residents of compact counties. Implications for urban planning are explored.
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| Keywords： |
Energy; Land Use; Smart Growth |
| The Impact of Urban Form on Household Building Carbon Emission: A Case Study of Beijing | | Qin Bo, Qi Bin |
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| Abstract： |
To optimize urban form for reducing carbon emission becomes a key strategy in constructing low-carbon cities. The existing literature proves the significant impact of urban form on transportation carbon emission, however the studies about the impact on building carbon emission are limited. Based on 1 188 households survey data
collected from Beijing, this study found that the household building carbon emission increases 0.48% with the 1% increase in housing area per capita and increases 27.54% with one more people per household. It also has curve-shape relationship with household income per capita, and it is negatively related to urban population density. Therefore in order to reduce household building carbon emission and to develop a low-carbon city, Beijing could adopt the measures such as developing more compactly, limiting household area in real estate market, and promoting low-carbon lifestyle in the upper-middle class.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Form; Household Building Carbon Emission; Household Income per Capita; Low-carbon Cities; Beijing |
| Low-carbon Regulatory Planning Practice for New Towns: Case Studies in South Jiangsu | | Qian Yun, He Kai, Dai Wei, Lin Borong, Wang Jianqiang |
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| Abstract： |
Low-carbon development is an important issue of urban studies in China. Based on the achievements of ideological discussions, this paper aims to propose valuable practical strategies within the current planning system in China, especially the regulatory plan procedures. It firstly analyzes the relationship between urban form and urban carbon emission, and identifies the shortcomings of the current system, both ideologically and technically. Then through the analysis of two cases in South Jiangsu, a series of low-carbon development strategies are summarized.
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| Keywords： |
Carbon Emission; New Towns; Regulatory Plan; South Jiangsu |
| The Research and Practice of Sustainable Streets in Foreign Countries and the Implications to China | | Li Chengchen, Zhang Bo, Li Kaiyu |
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| Abstract： |
Streets play a very important role in city, besides the function of passing for pedestrian and vehicles, which should have more various functions. In this article, we summed up the main ideas about New Urbanism firstly.
Then we analyzed the design concept, research process and practical experiences of sustainable streets in foreign countries. Lastly, the essay discussed the existing problems of streets in China and made some suggestions for the construction of sustainable streets.
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| Keywords： |
New Urbanism; Sustainable Streets; Streets Plan; Suggestions |
| The Research of the Rural Public Space Evolution and Characteristics Under the Function and Form Perspectives | | Wang Dong, Wang Yong, Li Guangbin |
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| Abstract： |
This essay is based on the perspective of function and form, analyzing the evolution of rural public space in our country with the historical dimension, for investigating it‘s driving force, summarizing the relationship and characteristics between the function and form of the village public spaces. This essay thinks that traditional village public space generated internal laws present “the use of function drives,
the formation of contacts, public space“; while the relationship between function and form presents “coexistence, special, disjointed, separation“ changes. Through survey and interviews, further discussing the reason for the weakness of the public space of the traditional village, believing that public activities by the villagers has been changed from “necessity“ to “spontaneity“; many of the social changes constitute a “force“，meanwhile “catalytic“ public space towards the decline of the road. Finally, the paper reflects the current status of rural public space construction and puts forward some proposals.
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| Keywords： |
Rural Public Space; Evolution; Feature; Function-form |
| The U.S. Federal Government and the Suburbs’ Horizontal Spread Before the 1970s | | Guo Qiaohua |
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| Abstract： |
After the 1930s, the American suburbs obtained a rapid development and even appeared an overspeading trend on the effect of federal government‘s policies which influenced the urban development profoundly. The paper attempts to discuss the federal government‘s policies from 1930s to 1970s which promoted suburbs‘ horizontal spread and the impact of these policies.
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| Keywords： |
the United States; Urban Policy; Suburbs‘ Spread |
| Political-economic Analysis on Urban Space Redevelopment Plan: A Case Study of Yan Ziji Old Industrial District in Nanjing | | Guan Weihua |
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| Abstract： |
Modern urban planning is an instrument of city governing involved with analyzing, intervening and managing the complex process of political conflict related to city changes. Assisting government to be interest coordinator is its function orientation; setting up interest distribution mechanism is its approach; and achieving maximum social welfare is its target. Based on two different kinds of value orientation: public interest and real estate development, this paper analyzes two spatial plan projects different in subjective, spatial elements and interest structure in the case of Yan Ziji redevelopment plan.
Moreover, the authors rationally compare their advantages and disadvantages through DCF model. At last, proposals relevant
to planning system reform and innovation are presented.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Space Redevelopment; Urban Planning; Political-economic Analysis; City Governing; DCF model; Nanjing |
| Accessibility Influence on North Bank of Yangtze River in Nanjing from Building River-crossing Passage | | Lu Yintao, Yin Haiwei |
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| Abstract： |
本文以南京为例，基于GIS 软件平台，采用费用加权距离方法，定量分析了过江通道建设前后，江北沿江地区相对主城区的通勤可达性与休闲可达性的空间特征及变化规律，并通过对道路密度的分析探讨了过江通道建设的适宜间距对提高社会经济综合效益的重要性。研究结果表明，过江通道建设后，江北沿江地区可达性水平明显提升，且空间可达性与道路交通网络的相关性较强；过江通道之间应保持适宜间距，以实现社会经济效益的最大化。
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| Keywords： |
Accessibility; River-crossing Passage; Nanjing |
| Urban Planning, a Tool for Improving the City Climate: Introduction of “Plan Climat de Paris“ （PCP） | | Yang Chen |
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| Abstract： |
Facing up with energy crisis and global warming, Paris city government enacted the “Plan Climat de Paris“ in 2004 to cut down the city greenhouse gas emission and stop the climate change. This plan includes amending the current urban planning system in the following fours aspects: planning code, transport and displacement, urban building and green space. It built up a new way for urban planning “with the guidance of improving the city climate“ and assured a goal of 30% decrease in “greenhouse gas“ in Paris urban area 2020.
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| Keywords： |
Plan Climat de Paris; Urban Planning; Energy Saving and Emission Reduction |
| The Research Progress of Ecological Sustainable Community Planning Mode in the International Perspective | | Yu Kanhua, Zhang Zhonghua |
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| Abstract： |
With in-depth development of urbanization, how to establish sustainable urban communities has become an indispensable element of competition among the modem cities; therefore, how to further propel connection among economic development, ecological environment and community justice with community planning will be a fundamental issue to be considered for the accelerated development process of China‘s future urbanization. This paper, based on international perspective, combs the connotation, objective, evaluation index and development criteria of sustainable communities by summing up the development course and experience of sustainable communities abroad and explores methods and models of sustainable community planning by taking foreign community development experience as its background, so as to provide theoretical and practical reference to sustainable community development of China.
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| Keywords： |
Sustainable Community; International Perspective; Planning Models; Development Experience |
| Provision/Needs Balance System in Community‘s Sport Facilities Planning: English Pattern and Suggestion | | Yang Longju, Lian Chenglong |
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| Abstract： |
Community‘s sport facilities planning not only refer to site location, but also consider facilities provision, such as the quality and value elements. From the perspective of people, the purpose of facilities planning is to meet the public needs. In order to provide some references to sport facilities planning in China, the paper analyses the key part of Facilities Planning System （FPS） in England: Provision/Needs Balance （PNB）. The simple form of PNB is the process of local needs assessment, auditing local provision, setting provision standards and applying, which gives a good example to explain PNB framework and supports useful tools and techniques.
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| Keywords： |
Community‘s Sport Facilities Planning; Provision/Needs Balance; Standards; England |
| The Influence of Olympic Games on London‘s Urban Development Strategy | | Yi Xin |
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| Abstract： |
This paper focuses on the influence of Olympic Games on the London‘s urban development and summarizes the characteristics of mega-events as the instrument for the urban development strategy. The analysis starts from the discussion
of relationship between the host of Games and the London‘s development strategy. The differences between the original goals setting and real effects of Olympic related exploitation in the London East are explained with the different aspects, e.g. decision making‘s process, political atmosphere as well as the institutional framework. As conclusion, the author tries to put the host of mega-events under the perspective of systematic communication between the global and local levels. Based on such understandings, the issues in utilizing mega-events for urban developments will be organized with clear consciousness in economic, social and cultural issues, which rise from global, national, regional as well as local levels.
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| Keywords： |
London‘s Olympic Games; Mega-events; Globalization; Urban Development Strategy |
| Countermeasures on Urban Transportation Development in the Rapid Motorization: A Review of UK‘ s “Traffic in Towns“ in 1963 and Its Enlightenment to China | | Chen Yulin, Jiang Yang |
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| Abstract： |
“Traffic in Towns: A Study of the Long Term Problems of Traffic in Urban Areas” is a book published in 1963, when UK was experiencing her rapid urbanization and motorization. Colin Buchanan, the author of the book, first delineated the grand challenge to the society brought by the rapid motorization, further established a working theory, conducted practical studies
on four selected towns in UK, and drew lessons from current practices in European countries and US, trying to find solutions for the government to achieve harmonious co-existence between motor cars and citizens. The book contains puzzles and thoughts from UK people against their domestic rapid motorization, therefore shedding lights on China for making countermeasures to urban transportation development at a similar stage.
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| Keywords： |
Traffic in towns; Motorization; UK; China |
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