| Regional Race-to-the-Bottom, Informal Economy and Incomplete Urbanization: A Perspective to Observe Chinese Economy and Urbanization Development Model | | Chen Feng |
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| Abstract： |
Three keywords, namely “regional race-to-the-bottom”, “informal economy”, “incomplete urbanization”, describe respectively our country’s economic development strategies, labor employment methods and urbanization patterns. The inherent logical relations among these three keywords reveal the overall system design and arrangement of “Chinese Model” since the reform and opening-up. This paper reviews and analyzes the background, main features and relations of Chinese economic development strategies, labor employment methods and urbanization patterns, and points out that it brings both tremendous economic growth and long-term negative impacts from economic, social and environmental aspects. The author concludes and puts forward inspirations of three aspects for the planners, and gives some opinions on how to further raise awareness of the urban planners to consciously committed to transfer economic development and urbanization patterns, deepen institutional reform, promote citizenship transfer of agricultural population and urban governance patterns, strength social guidance of urbanization etc.
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| Keywords： |
Regional Race-to-the-Bottom; Informal Economy; Incomplete Urbanization |
| An Overview of the Retail Planning Process and Tasks in Foreign Countries | | Wang Shuguang |
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| Abstract： |
This paper presents an overview of the retail planning process typically followed by corporate retailers in the Western countries. The planning process starts with the company setting up its goals and strategies. Once a suitable market is identified for business expansion, a comprehensive investigation of the market conditions and the associated political and social environments is conducted. Based on the investigation, decisions are made with regard to suitable business formats and entry paths. Business site selection and detailed trade area analysis are also important parts of the planning process. As the paper illustrates, the retail planning process is complex, requiring multi-disciplinary knowledge and involving experts with different professional backgrounds.
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| Keywords： |
Retail Planning Process; Retail Planning Tasks;Market Condition Analysis;Political and Social Environment Investigation |
| Retail Planning Policy in the United Kingdom | | Written by Anne Findlay, Leigh Sparks Translated by Zhou Lei |
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| Abstract： |
This paper reviews retail planning policies in the United Kingdom. In the last 20 years, the core aspect of UK’s retail planning has been the ‘Town Centres First’ policy, whose purpose is to revitalize the town centres with concentrated retail growth and reduce urban sprawl, thus achieving sustainable development. The paper also discusses the major tensions that exist in the process of making UK retail planning policies. The study shows that retail planning policy and the ‘Town Centres First’ approach have had to contend not only with the recession, but also with other major structural changes. Besides, town centres are no longer the hubs for many people, and the rise of the internet and mobile shopping have transformed the use of space. As a result, the policy is in danger of being out-moded, despite its good intentions.
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| Keywords： |
The United Kingdom; Retail Planning Policy;Town-centre-first Policy |
| The Game Between Japan’s Traditional Retailers and Modern Commercial Capital:From the Perspective of Commercial Laws | | Shi Jin, Wang Qian, Li Yinan |
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| Abstract： |
Traditional retailers who once dominated Japan’s retail system have been facing serious threats from large corporate retailers since the emergence of modern commercial capital. This paper aims to reveal the process of the game between traditional retailers and the modern corporate enterprises and to discuss the Japanese government’s interventions by presenting a review of modern Japan’s most important commercial laws.
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| Keywords： |
Traditional RetailersModern Commercial Capital;Game; Commercial Laws |
| The Development and Planning of Shopping Centers in the Twin Cities, the USA | | Wang Enru |
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| Abstract： |
This paper examines the development and planning of shopping centers in the Twin Cities （Minneapolist-St.Paul Metropolitan Area）, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the midwest of the United States. It reviews the history of shopping centers in the Twin Cities, introduces current development （including types and distribution）, and discuss future challenges. The planning of shopping centers is closely related to urban governance. Like many other large metropolitan areas in the country, the Twin Cities has a fragmented and decentralized urban governance structure. Cities and communities within the metropolitan area are both independent and cooperative. Some organizations including the Metropolitan Council are in charge of planning and coordinating the development of the entire metro area. When discussing shopping center planning, the paper first introduces planning processes, major planning players and sources of investments; it then analyzes the influences of public participation, urban planning （especially urban land use planning and transportation planning） and regional economic policies on shopping center development. Finally, the impacts of shopping center development on urban population distribution and urban transportation are also discussed.
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| Keywords： |
Shopping Center; Twin Cities; Minnesota; The USA;Planning; City |
| The Role of Railroad Companies in the Formation of Commercial Districts in Cities of Japan | | Tsuchiya Hitoshi |
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| Abstract： |
This study examines the formation process of the commercial districts in cities of Japan. In particular, it describes the important roles that private railway companies in Japan have played in the development and expansion of modern department stores. In addition to providing transportation infrastructure and services, the railroad companies extended their business scope into both real estate development and retail operations. This diversification transformed the traditional retail landscape in many Japanese cities. While it is not uncommon for railway companies to be engaged in real estate development （such as what has happened in the UK and some other countries）, it is quite unique that the Japanese railroad companies combined real estate development with the creation of commercial districts around railway stations.
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| Keywords： |
Japan; Urban Planning; Department Store;Commercial District |
| Application of Location-Allocation Modeling in Commercial Activity Planning | | Du Baorong, Wang Shuguang |
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| Abstract： |
Through a hypothetical case study, this article explains the application of Location-Allocation Modeling in commercial activity planning. The article first describes the major components of the model, the data requirements and the operational procedure in ESRI’s Network Analyst. It then presents detailed analysis and interpretation of the tabular and graphic outputs. Finally, the article makes concluding remarks on both the values and limitations of the Location-Allocation Model in commercial activity planning.
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| Keywords： |
Commercial Activity Planning;Location-Allocation Modeling;Network Analyst; Retail Site Selection |
| Micro Investigation of County Urbanization Under the Macro Trend: Case Studies of Qingzhou and Jinzhai | | Zhang Yongbo, Zhu Li |
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| Abstract： |
This paper intends to recognize the macro development trend of the county urbanization objectively, through the basic analysis of the change in national policy, the development trend in urban-rural interaction, and the development of industrialization. Taking two typical kinds of counties in the plain area of Shandong and the mountain area of Anhui as case studies, this paper investigates the development trend and influencing factors of the city-town-village system in the new period. Then, on the basis of the macro trend and the micro studies, this paper summarizes the forcing mechanism and the spatial characteristics of county urbanization, in order to understand the general development of the urbanization in China.
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| Research on the Evolution and Inspiration of Street Pattern in Residential Communities of Western Countries | | Shi Fei, Mei Zhenyu, Xu Jiangang |
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| Abstract： |
The paper gives the concept, connotation of street pattern firstly. Then it reviews three aspects of street pattern evolution in residential communities of western countries following the mainline of comparisons between two modes: tree and grid. First is the conception and planning practice originated from the 19th century. The Second is theoretical research achievements based on multi-subject such as aesthetics, sociology, urban planning, and traffic engineering. Third is the comprehensive binary street pattern combining both tree and grid modes which is developing now. Finally, it discusses the inspiration for street pattern of China and points out that the desirable street pattern for cities of China is “fusion and sharing”.
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| Keywords： |
Street Pattern; Tree; Grid; Evolution;Residential Community |
| Vegetable Plots in Cities: Study on the Allotment Development in England | | Zhu Jin, Pan Jiahong |
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| Abstract： |
The paper firstly introduces the concept of the Allotment in England, illustrates its formation and evolution, and summarizes the characteristics of its development. Then the city of Newcastle upon Tyne is taken as an example to show the present development of the Allotment. The institutional design and mechanism are also discussed in this case. At last, based on the experience of the Allotment development in England, some implications are put forward for the ongoing problems and the future development of vegetable plots in cities of China.
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| Keywords： |
Vegetable Plots in Cities;The Allotment in England;Institutional Framework;Newcastle upon Tyne |
| Pedal-powered City | Zhang Ying, Meng Fanxing |
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| Abstract： |
In contrast with international trends, the culture of cycling in China is declining despite its advantages for public health and the environment. Fortunately, there are still some positive signs. By observing the different pedal-powered vehicle activities in Beijing, the author finds that the pedal-powered vehicle remains as an important form of transportation because it connects closely with other social functions such as small mobile businesses, services and performances. A field survey was conducted to record pedal-powered vehicle activities at specific locations, and a simple statistical correlation was made between these usages and people’s daily lives. These activities and the relevant life styles may lead to a new urban landscape. This article describes an alternative to the decision makers and urban designers. As a possible solution to some problems in urban development strategy, a seemingly minor cultural remnant from a previous, pre-automobile-age can be redeployed in a very constructive manner nowadays. Hopefully those findings can inspire other researchers to seek more solutions for urban design, city development and city management in the future.
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| Keywords： |
Pedal-powered Vehicle Activities; Mobile Service;Urban Public Space; Urban Design |
| Defending Rapid Growing Metropolitans from Regional Ecological Hazards:Review of International Experiences and Reflection on Planning Regulations | | Yang Dongfeng, Yin Chengzhi |
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| Abstract： |
Rapid spatial growth of China’s metropolitans results in increasing hazard of regional eco-systems, which means austere challenge to sustainable urbanization in China. The transition of urban planning system is important to focus not only on environmental effect control inside cities, but also on ecological hazard defense of outside regions. However, the current research of traditional disciplines cannot deal with ecological complex of cross-scale and multi-factor between cities and their outside regions. After critical reviewing of international concerned experience, from CHANS perspective, the article proposes a methodological framework that includes building theoretical model, identifying regional ecological hazard, accessing plan’s ecological performance; and that implies a logic connection from urban spatial growth statement, resource-environmental impact, and ecosystem hazard to ecological performance of plan. It will improve the capacity of urban planning system to defense regional ecological hazard in China’s metropolitans.
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| Keywords： |
Spatial Growth; Ecological Hazard; Planning Regulation |
| The Planning & Construction Strategy and Management & Maintenance Mechanism of American Greenway | | Xu Donghui, Guo Jianhua, Gao Lei |
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| Abstract： |
The paper summarizes the evolution process and economic and social background of American greenway from “parkway” to “open space system” and then to “greenway”. On this basis, it systematically interprets specific measures and strategies practiced in the American greenway planning & construction, such as networking line layout, ecological construction means, systematic traffic connection, humanized furnished equipment, diversified functional development, etc., and management & maintenance mechanism ensure long-term operation of American greenway, such as formulating standardized supporting laws and regulations, establishing diversified financing system, propelling institutionalized public participation and marketization operation mode, a full range of publicity and promotion, etc., in order to provide the empirical case for our country’s greenway planning, construction, operation and management.
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| Keywords： |
American; Greenway; Planning & Construction;Management & Maintenance |
| The Participatory Road Planning System in Japan and Its Enlightenment | | Shan Chunyan, Li Ke |
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| Abstract： |
Japan has introduced citizen participation into road planning processes in recent years. This paper firstly describes the Japanese institutional system of citizen participation in infrastructure planning processes; then it focuses on the institutionalization of participatory road planning procedure and road planning framework. Taking Yokohama North-West Corridor as an example, it explains the planning procedure and citizen participation techniques in detail and analyzes the special advanced characteristics of the procedure. Finally, it suggests that China could learn the following experiences from Japan: the institutionalization of participatory planning procedure, detailed division of road planning phases, setup of third-party organization and implementation of multiple involvement techniques.
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| Keywords： |
Citizen Participation; Transportation Planning;Road; Japan |
| Learning from the Experience of Public Infrastructure Systems Implementation in the U.S.:Reflection on the Evaluation of Nanshan District in Shenzhen | | Song Yan, Zhang Chun, Liu Zhidan, Chen Yanping, Huang Bin |
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| Abstract： |
This paper studies the experience of public infrastructure implementation in the U.S., and introduces tools such as linkage policies, impact fees, adequate public facilities ordinance and phased development. Through a case study on the public infrastructure systems of Nanshan District in Shenzhen, the paper identifies several issues associated with implementation. Learning from the experience from the U.S., the paper argues that more detailed implementation planning should be prepared, financial resources should be diversified, and regular supervision and evaluation system should be set up. The experience of public infrastructure implementation in the U.S. will provide implications to urban planning evaluation system and promotion of public infrastructure implementation in China, which will also have implications for improving the quality of life of city residents in China.
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| Keywords： |
Public Infrastructure; Planning Implementation;Capital Improvement Program; Urban Growth Management;Impact Fee |
| Why Say “No” to Congestion Pricing: Post-mortem on the Edinburgh Referendum Results | | Deng Taotao, Feng Suwei |
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| Abstract： |
The implementation of congestion pricing has faced with considerable uncertainty. A critical analysis of the failure case has undoubtedly added an important reference value to our country`s pilot of congestion pricing. In 2005 a referendum on congestion charging draft was conducted in Edinburgh. The failure of referendum caused the local authority to give up the congestion pricing program which had been discussed for nearly 12 years. This paper analyzes the background of Edinburgh congestion pricing scheme and the detailed implementation measures, with a focus on reasons why public boycott for congestion pricing. Results show that there is a big controversy in the congestion pricing zoning, the definition of exemption, charging timing and promotion strategies, resulting in the failure of referendum. The paper points out that the major cities in China need to carefully consider the right time and promotion strategies of implementing congestion pricing, actively seek the strong support from the potential beneficiaries and make good efforts to coordinate with adjacent administrative regions in implementing congestion pricing scheme, in order to reduce the risk of policy.
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| Keywords： |
Road Congestion Pricing; Edinburgh; Referendum; Boycott |
| Townscape Reform Movement in Taiwan and Its Inspiration to the Construction of Rural Human Settlement in Mainland | | Zhou Zhengxu |
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| Abstract： |
On the background of degenerating of townscape while high-speed developing of economy, Taiwan began to promote the “Townscape Reform Movement” since the 1990s. This paper focuses on the target, process, institutional arrangement and effect of the “movement”. Based on the research of Taiwan, this paper gives some advises on the construction of rural human settlement in mainland China as well.
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| Keywords： |
Townscape Reform Movement;Landscape; Human Settlement |
