| Planning for Low-carbon Urban Retrofitting: Theories and Practices | | Zhao Pengjun, Lv Bin, John Pendlebury |
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| Abstract： |
City is the major place where human well-being is developed. It is also the main place in which human has severer impacted on ecosystem and thus the key place where policies are made to reduce the impacts as well. To build a low-carbon and livable city has become a common interest for planners and politicians all over the world. Retrofitting the existing built environment in the historic areas is crucial to the reduction of energy consumption and the development of low carbon city. The findings and conclusions of the articles included in this special issue suggest that energy-efficient regeneration can be achieved from promoting green buildings， reducing energy use in historic heritages，building low-carbon communities， harmonizing land use and transport system，optimizing urban spatial structure， and facilitating green economy. With a prior concern on heritage conservation，the planning for retrofitting the old city should also pay attentions to environmental and social justice. Apparently，planning would be more effective and efficient to reduce energy use if it can cooperate with other instruments，such as consumption behavior education and fiscal policies.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Retrofitting; Low-carbon City; Spatial Planning; Energy Consumption; Heritage Conservation |
| Modelling Approaches for Retrofitting Energy Systems in Cities: Current Practice and Future Challenges in Newcastle upon Tyne | | Written by Carlos Calderon, Macarena Rodriguez Translated by Lu Ning, Li Kai |
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| Abstract： |
The paper reviews the UK carbon agenda and current local practices and challenges in urban energy modelling as to highlight the lack of models and quantitative understanding of the interplay between technical and social systems. The paper also reviews existing modelling household practices and energy demand to contextualize the emphasis of our study （i.e. take back effect and demand side management） and the rationale behind our selected approach: activity base model. The model is used to model and quantify two salient aspects of the interaction between retrofitted technical systems and household practices: （1） rebound effect; and （2） demand side management. By applying the model，the paper presents a case study using 200 social households in Newcastle upon Tyne. Finally，we propose a theoretical model and its detailed implementation. The modeling results have important theoretical and practical implications for the development of planning decision support system for urban regeneration.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Regeneration; Urban Energy Consumption; Energy Consumption Model; Rebound Effect; Demand Side Management |
| Energy Consumption Behaviour: Rational or Habitual? | | Written by Simin Davoudi, Luke Dilly, Jenny Crawford Translated by Dai Yun, Tu Li |
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| Abstract： |
Reducing energy demand is not simply about developing energy efficiency measures and technologies，but also changing behaviour and everyday practices. Although the over-emphasis on individual behaviour as the main driver of transition to low-carbon societies may be contested on the grounds that it distracts attention from the wider structural，economic and political factors，it is widely acknowledged that pro-environmental behaviours play an important part in such a transition. This paper aims to address these questions by drawing on three dominant perspectives on environmental behaviour and its drivers: the rational economic，the psychological and the sociological perspectives. The aim is to provide a conceptual understanding of behaviour，illustrated with examples from energy consumption.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Energy Consumption; Consumption Behaviour; Rational Economic Perspective; Psychological Perspective; Sociological Perspective |
| A Comparative Study on Historic Building Regeneration Between the UK and China: A Perspective of Energy Efficiency | | Written by Elizabeth Brooks, Andrew Law, Huang Lingjiang Translated by Lu Ning, Li Kai |
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| Abstract： |
In the UK，retrofitting，or ‘retrospective refitting’ has become a central strategy in reducing energy inefficiency and carbon emissions. However，whilst implementation has increased，research shows that there are still several problematic barriers to the full implementation and embedding of retrofitting policies. Likewise，international ecological commentators，developers and policy-makers have also pointed to the growth of retrofitting ideas and policies in modernising nations such as China; however，as investigations are beginning to show，the full implementation of retrofitting practices in modernising countries is also difficult，with local policy-makers and developers showing much more interest in new buildings，as opposed to retrofitting existing buildings and/ or heritage sites. Taking the UK and China as two key examples of earlier and more recent retrofitting cultures，this paper reflects on the different barriers to retrofitting historic buildings in these countries and explores the potential drivers for retrofitting in each of these contexts.
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| Keywords： |
Old City Retrofitting; Historic Buildings; Energy Consumption; Heritage Conservation; International Comparative Analysis |
| Conservation Planning and Low-carbon Values | | Written by John Pendlebury, Neveen Hamza, Adam Sharr Translated by Lu Ning, Li Nanhui |
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| Abstract： |
The desire to reduce carbon emissions and the desire to sustain historic buildings and environments are two powerful contemporary value systems that potentially conflict. It is through local governance and policy systems that much of the mediation between these values will take place，and in particular，in the UK， through the interaction between the conservation-planning system and building regulations. This paper focuses upon the relation between conservation values and the powerful emergent agenda of carbon-reduction through a number of planning case studies and in particular， a case study of Hexham Abbey in northern England. Accepting that carbon control aims and heritage values both have legitimacy，there is a need to explore how these two forces might positively interact.
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| Keywords： |
Conservation Planning; Urban Carbon Emissions; Low-carbon Values; Planning Control System; Building Regulations |
| Spatial Planning for Transport Energy Savings and Pollution Reduction in Historic Urban Areas | | Zhao Pengjun |
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| Abstract： |
Historic urban areas are the areas of concentrated urban cultures and economic activities，which often have the worst traffic congestion as well. How to reduce transport energy consumption and related pollutants emissions has become a key issue in relation to building livable city and sustainable urban regeneration. The paper conducts a literature review about the role of spatial planning in urban energy transition in historic urban areas. Three main elements of urban energy transition process are addressed: instruments，innovations and institutions. Five major aspects of spatial planning are discussed with regard to its influence on urban energy transition: effectiveness， efficiency，equity，enforcement and resilience. Ultimately， it is difficult to say that spatial planning can play an efficient role in assisting urban energy transition unless it deals with social-technical uncertainties and has more innovative approaches.
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| Keywords： |
Historic Urban Areas; Transportation; Energy Consumption; Spatial Planning; Planning Theory |
| Car Use in the Historic City Centre of Beijing: An Empirical Analysis and Integrated Planning Proposal | | Wen Ping, Zhao Pengjun |
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| Abstract： |
Historic city centres play a crucial role in reducing car use，especially when many residents，jobs and economic activities remain concentrated there. Historic city centres also have a higher complexity than suburbs，with respect to the factors influencing car use and related policy responses. This study examines the factors influencing car use in the historic city centre of Beijing，and explores the effect of spatial planning on energy saving and emission reduction of transportation in historic city centres. The results suggest that planning could play a more efficient role in reducing car use by promoting public transport network and services，while increasing density in a dense historic city centre could have little influence. Based on the results，the paper proposes an integrated spatial planning framework for the reduction of car use in the historic city centre of Beijing.
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| Keywords： |
Historic City Centre; Car Use; Energy Saving and Emission Reduction; Traffic Congestion |
| Nowhere to Place Our Field: Study on the Invasion About Cultivated Land in China During the Globalization of Space Production Era | | Xiao Jing, Cao Ke |
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| Abstract： |
Based on the urbanization of China and combined with related economic principles, the article analyses the process in which the global working capital combines with the demand of the release of rural surplus labor and the local governments’ desire for the huge proliferation of land transfer; and these three together push invading the cultivated land of China. From the micro-level of market running and macro-level of state regulation, the paper discusses the future influence of land transfer and productive expenditure; it also tries to return to the essence of land issues and provide a worthy clue for further researches.
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| Keywords： |
Globalization of Space Production; Surplus of Capital and Labor; Productive Expenditure; Land Transfer; Urban Entrepreneurialism |
| Discussion of the Justification, Obstacle and Future Direction of New Urbanization in China: Through the Analysis Method of Media Development | | Wang Jie, Du Huan |
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| Abstract： |
Discussion of urbanization process has been frequently carried out in China in the past decade or so，but how has it been developed in the real world? What is the justification for the importance of new urbanization? How has it affected the system and mechanism of the Chinese government and what are the foreseen obstacles and future direction? This paper tries to use the analysis method of medial development to review and predict the future direction of new urbanization in China including the current social role，the argument of different interest parties and its affect on different society levels.
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| Keywords： |
New Urbanization; Urbanization Process; Media Analysis |
| Study on Resistances and Strategies of Chinese Urban Land Readjustment Based on Overseas Experience | | Zhong Yi, Ye Ying, Zhou Xiaoping |
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| Abstract： |
Based on the successful experiences of Urban Land Readjustment out of China，through literature and comparative methods，the paper summarizes four resistances faced in Urban Land Readjustment of China: unreasonable distribution of interests，difficulty of land ownership adjustment， lack of sufficient funds and lack of willingness to participate. Then paper puts forward suggestions to carry out Urban Land Readjustment in China.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Land Readjustment; Resistances of Readjustment; Land Ownership Adjustment; Public Participation |
| The National Registration Method of American Cultural Landscape Heritage and Its Reference Value to China | | Xi Xuesong, Zhang Yufang |
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| Abstract： |
Cultural landscape is an important national cultural property in the United States. National Park Service refines that definition to landscapes eligible for the National Register， only historic landscapes are treated as cultural landscapes. This means that they meet one or more criteria set out by the NR - the most fundamental being that it is a landscape whose primary cultural characteristics are fifty years or older and that it is associated with an important person，event，design or construction trend or archaeological site that is important in American history. And an integrated heritage register method has been formed by NPS. The paper introduces the steps and contents about heritage identification，evaluation and register in the whole heritage register，with the use for reference to the Chinese cultural heritage register and protection.
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| Keywords： |
Cultural Landscape; Heritage Registration; Heritage Protection; The USA |
| The International Experience and Inspiration of Developing Global City-Region | | Tong De, Dai Xiaodi, Li Guicai |
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| Abstract： |
Global competition leads to the region playing a more critical role than the state. Formed by the organic link between global city and its hinterland，the new concept of “global city-region“ was emerged in this context，moreover， has become the development goals for many powerful city-regions and other types of city alliances. By analysing the formation and development mechanism of three typical global city-regions （the New York metropolitan area，the London metropolitan area，the National Capital Region of Japan），this paper summarizes the common characteristics of “global city-region”: （1） the high-level of the central city;（ 2） the tightness of the internal links;（ 3） the powerful support of comprehensive national strength;（ 4） the superiority of the geographical location and soft environmental conditions. Based on which，this paper puts forward that China can draw lessons from international experience in at least five aspects to build global city-region: the promotion of central city’s status，its own economic restructuring，the optimization of the spatial pattern， the construction of social security system and cultural infrastructure，and the creation of human settlements and industrial development environment.
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| Keywords： |
Global City-Region; Formation Mechanism; International Experience |
| Political Will, Development Scenarios and Scenario Planning: Study on Development Strategy of Western Changzhou City | | Zhao Min, Chen Chen, Huang Yong, Song Bo |
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| Abstract： |
Urban development in China is，by and large，responsive to political motivations，given the fact that the local developmental governments are holding to public resources in many respects. Taking Western Changzhou’s Strategic Planning Study as an example，this article discusses the potential and process of Scenario Planning in urban strategic planning. In this process，planners attempt to provide complete information obtained through investigation，evaluation and extrapolation， and then formulate alternative urban development scenarios with regard to different political wills，disclosing the underlying costs and benefits. The stakeholders are guided towards thorough and effective multilateral conversations，seeking consensus of urban development strategy. This article takes the side that urban planning is not value-neutral，and could not be produced through “scientific” judgments by urban planners alone. Rather，the rational technological process of planning should be implanted into the existing conditions.
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| Keywords： |
Political Motivation; Scenario Planning; Strategic Planning; Changzhou |
| Study on the Innovation of Urban Master Plan | Ma Libo, Gong Ying |
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| Abstract： |
Since urban master plan could not follow social transformation led by the market economy， innovation is to be a necessity. By studying the four challenges of master plan，this paper summarizes four characteristics of urban planning，including its gradual comprehensiveness，political decisiveness， planning spatiality as well as policy publicity， and thus puts forward the innovative measures of urban master plan in the future. In fact，as this paper points out，institutional innovation is the key and support to the innovation of urban master plan，with an opening，democratic and popular urban planning system being the purpose of this innovation.
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| Keywords： |
Urban Master Plan; Innovation; Character; Planning System |
| “Grey Land” Planning: A Flexible Control Method to Coordinate Short-term and Long-term Industrial Distribution of Development Zone | | Wang Zhen, Yang Zhongwei, Zhang Cheng |
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| Abstract： |
“Grey Land” is an elastic land use of advanced consideration and active implementation for the “transformation from secondary industry to tertiary sector”. The article analyzes the underlying causes of low-efficient land use in development zone which includes lack of scientific planning and the over-length of land leasing，then clarifies the process of development zone by referring to the cases of Ruhr Industrial Region and Brindleyplace of Birmingham. It continuously discusses “Grey Land” planning method which fits the circumstances of China and puts forward its concept and operating mechanism. At last，by the case study of Zhenjiang Development Zone，the paper brings up the short-term and long-term Industrial area for the first time and provides a new idea to promote intensive land use of development zones in China.
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| Keywords： |
Development Zone; Grey Land; Intensive Land Use; Short-term Industrial Area |
| Thoughts of Dimension Design of City Street Space Based on Urbanism | | Fu Shuai, Hu Wantai, Zhang Zhengtao |
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| Abstract： |
Urbanism has provided scientific and efficient basis and methods for urban planning practice，especially in the new period of advocating urban health and dealing with climate problem all over the world. Its essential values such as compact configuration，land use mix，walkable neighborhood，people-oriented dimension，public transportation and history conservation etc. have played important guiding roles for city sustainable development. The dimension of street space should be suitable for walking，thus to improve people’s health conditions; reduce vehicle uses thus to decrease pollutions. In this context，the paper takes the UK as an example with the highest proportion of non-motor trips in Europe，to introduce three core elements of street design: carriageway，public realm and walking & cycling，and compares with China in corresponding contents; finally， the paper proposes suggestions for improving streets design in China.
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| Keywords： |
Urbanism; People-oriented Dimension; Urban Streets; Urban Design |
| Reading City from a Sociological Perspective: Book Review of Sociologie De Paris | | Yang Chen |
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| Abstract： |
Using theories of Halbwachs’s social morphology，Neo-Marxism urban geography and urban ecology of the Chicago School，two French sociologists，Mr & Mrs Pinçon，give us an overall sociological analysis of Paris in their new book Sociologie de Paris from four aspects: physical space，centralization of population and capital，process of spatial competition and politics of urban space.
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| Keywords： |
Paris; Sociology; Social Mix; Urban Space |
